In modern industry, the CNC milling machine (Computer Numerical Control) has become an indispensable tool thanks to its precision machining capability and high automation. This article will go into detail about the concept, structure, and classification of CNC milling machines, in order to help readers better understand this important equipment.
1. What is a CNC milling machine?
A CNC milling machine is a type of machine tool that uses computer numerical control to perform machining tasks such as cutting, drilling, boring, and shaping materials with precision. Numerical control is the process in which a computer encodes calculations and designs into a language that the CNC milling machine can understand in order to operate (usually G-code). Once encoded, this command functions to control machining on the X, Y, Z axes and auxiliary axes.
Thanks to this process, the machine is capable of producing precise and high-quality milling paths. This is useful for machining complex parts that require accuracy down to the millimeter. The CNC milling machine can operate automatically, thereby reducing errors from machine operation and minimizing dependence on the operator’s skill.
CNC milling machines are widely used in many industries such as machinery manufacturing, automotive, aerospace, and even household appliance production. With the ability to operate continuously and accurately, CNC milling machines have played an important role in improving consistent product quality and reducing production costs.
2. Structure of CNC Milling Machine
A CNC milling machine has a complex structure with many different components. However, there are usually some basic parts as follows:
2.1. Control Panel
This is the main control unit for operating the CNC milling machine. The control can be touch-based or keyboard-based to adjust parameters corresponding to the workpiece. It includes control buttons, display screens, and connection ports for data input and output.
2.2. Axis Mechanism
CNC milling machines usually have from 3 to 5 axes, of which the 3 main axes are X, Y, Z, combined with auxiliary axes for more flexible machining.
X, Y, Z axes: Move along the three basic spatial directions (horizontal, vertical, up-down).
A, B, C axes: Some advanced milling machines are equipped with additional rotary and tilting axes to machine more complex parts.
2.3. Spindle
The spindle is the part responsible for rotating the milling cutter, generating the cutting motion. The spindle can be changed to suit different types of machining. There can be types such as high-speed spindles or oil-cooled spindles, which improve working efficiency.
2.4. Worktable
The worktable is where the workpiece is placed for machining. The table can be moved along the X, Y, or Z axes to position the workpiece during machining. Some CNC milling machines have rotary tables to machine multi-angled or complex-shaped parts.
2.5. Drive System
This system includes motors and transmission mechanisms that move the machine components (including the worktable and axis movements). The motors can be stepper motors or servo motors, depending on the requirements for accuracy and machine power.
2.6. Cooling System
The cooling system helps maintain stable temperature throughout the machining process, preventing damage to parts such as cutting tools and the workpiece. Coolant (oil or water) can be pumped onto the cutting area.
2.7. Automatic Tool Changer (ATC)
This component allows the machine to automatically change tools when necessary, saving time and increasing machining efficiency for complex parts.
2.8. CNC Control System
This is the unit that controls the entire machining process, where G-code programming is entered and the machine performs machining operations according to command instructions. CNC control systems often include software such as Siemens, Fanuc, or Mitsubishi.
2.9. Safety Features
Safety components such as protective doors, sensors, and emergency stop systems are equipped to protect the operator and the machine during machining.
2.10. Lubrication System
The lubrication system helps reduce friction and wear during machining, ensuring that the machine components operate smoothly and have long service life.
3. Classification of CNC Milling Machines
CNC milling machines are classified based on various criteria such as structure, function, and the number of machining axes. Some classifications of CNC milling machines are as follows:
3.1. CNC Milling Machines by Structure
Vertical CNC Milling Machine
The vertical CNC milling machine has its spindle positioned vertically in relation to the machine table. This type is suitable for tasks such as surface milling, slot milling, drilling, and boring. Thanks to its compact and flexible design, vertical milling machines are often used in small and medium workshops, where diverse machining is required but workpiece size is not too large.
Horizontal CNC Milling Machine
The horizontal CNC milling machine has its spindle rotating horizontally. This type is suitable for surface milling, edge milling, and machining large workpieces. Horizontal milling machines are often used in large workshops requiring high precision.
3.2. CNC Milling Machines by Axes
3-axis CNC Milling Machine
The 3-axis CNC milling machine is composed of the X, Y, and Z axes, arranged depending on the machine design. A common type has the machine table moving along the X and Y axes combined with the reciprocating motion of the Z axis.
4-axis CNC Milling Machine
The 4-axis CNC machine is supplemented with an A-axis that rotates around the X-axis. Adding the fourth axis allows the workpiece to move more flexibly, rotating and flipping in multiple directions, enabling the tool to access four sides of the workpiece.
The machine operates by having the workpiece on the table move along the X and Y axes, the spindle move along the Z axis, while the A-axis holds and rotates the workpiece to create the desired shape.
With the added A-axis, the machine offers more functionality, being able to cut workpieces at multiple angles (four sides). Workpiece setup and coordinate system resetting become simpler compared to the 3-axis CNC milling machine.
It is applied in mold making, automotive parts, mechanical components, aerospace, marine, medical devices, and technology.
5-axis CNC Milling Machine
The 5-axis CNC milling machine removes material from five sides to create the desired product shape. In addition to the three basic axes X, Y, Z, the 5-axis machine integrates two out of three auxiliary axes: A, B, C. These auxiliary axes rotate around the three main axes X, Y, Z.
The addition of two auxiliary axes allows machining in hard-to-reach areas and complex parts requiring higher-level techniques.
This machine is used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and shipbuilding.
4. Applications of CNC Milling Machines
CNC milling machines are widely applied in many industries today, used to manufacture high-precision components applied in various fields:
Mold industry: Used to produce molds for industrial manufacturing, often molds for rubber, plastics, etc.
Medical industry: Machining medical devices and equipment such as valves, tubes, screws, bolts, components of medical treatment machines, medical imaging machines, etc.
Mechanical & machinery manufacturing: Used to produce components that bear load, force, and high temperatures, such as engine parts, gears, etc.
Electronics industry: Used to machine electronic components, computer circuits, resistors, etc.
Loval Aluminum Machining Factory
Loval Aluminum Machining Factory is proud to be a leading unit in the field of premium aluminum manufacturing and machining. We own modern technology and advanced production lines, meeting all international standards of quality. With an experienced team of engineers and state-of-the-art CNC machines, Loval is committed to delivering aluminum products with precision, durability, and high aesthetics.
For detailed advice on Long Vân aluminum products, please call us or visit our office for direct consultation and support.
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